Violence on television influences viewers to become violent Essay

Violence on television influences viewers to become violent - Essay Example Various incidents have been reported on to the media where television viewers have actually learnt negative tactics from it and applied them in real life. One recent link can be connected to the Asian Subcontinent where a twenty five year old scientist shaved off his gardener’s head leaving him bald after the gardener failed to carry out his work properly one day. When the scientist was later questioned about this act, a striking revelation came forward; the previous day he had seen on the news how a robber caught by public was shaved off the hair on his head and stripped off his clothes and made to walk around the streets of the city naked – this was where the scientist had gotten the idea of what to do with his gardener. I have always been a believer of the fact that our unconscious mind gains a lot from its surroundings, despite the fact that whatever is happening around us is acceptable to us or not. Similarly, many a times various television programs are being aired which fail to attract our interest at all. For instance, a documentary on Rape in India might fail to divert out attention towards it but our subconscious mind does pick up a little from the bits we hear of hit (Hamilton). Its human nature to learn from their surroundings and the same stands true for young kids. At that age, their mind are highly vulnerable to what is happening around them, and seeing anything on media can instill the image in their minds that it is right. A similar case was once reported in Nigeria, where a ten year old boy forcefully took off the clothes of one of his class mates. The child was later sent to reformative classes, where he confessed that he carried out the act because he had seen something similar bei ng aired on the television and his parents watching it. Despite the fact that the television has helps us in gaining information about the world alongside keeping us entertained, it can certainly not be

Identify Key Technological Influences On the Internationalisation Essay

Identify Key Technological Influences On the Internationalisation Process - Essay Example This essay stresses that if a company needs to decide the strategy to be used to help it improve the overall move and internationalisation process then the company requires to have the available knowledge to do so. Information overload is a high issue that is being faced by most professionals. Intelligent agent is a related technology, which provides a chance to roam networks and selectively refer users to information that would prove to be useful and beneficial. However, it is clear that the best intelligent agent is a human being by himself. It is obvious that computers are useful in KM as they do not slow down the learning, but help the KM to be more efficient and effective in order to support learning to a greater extent. This paper makes a conclusion that the main aspect and factors that affect the internationalisation of any business is the knowledge that is shared within the organisation and the ability of the company to transfer the data and raw information into understandable knowledge. Based on this, it is essential to understand that KM can be improved not only based on the amount of money spent on it but also a great deal of focus is required to be on the efforts of the management process. It is safe to say that knowledge has already grown largely and it has become one of the most essential aspects of any business. It has become a major driver and money is now slowly phasing out of the scene and as the old saying of ‘Knowledge is king’, is now being put to use in almost every industry and every company across the world.

The History Of The Liberal Neutrality Politics Essay

The History Of The Liberal Neutrality Politics Essay The question is should all government decisions be made on a neutral basis or is there a point where the government should be able to make a decision that they believe if for the best interest of the individual? This issue is discussed by multiple authors and looked at from different angles. John Stuart Mill discusses his opinion of government authority as it affects an individuals interests in his essay On Liberty. Joseph L. Sax discusses his opinion of government authority as it affects the national parks and individuals different interests within the parks in his book Mountains without Handrails. Both Mill and Sax look at government involvement and decision making in two different ways. One as it applies directly to any interest of an individual and the other as it applies only to an individuals interests in a specific area. The main topic of Mills essay is civil or social liberty. He defines social liberty as the nature and limits of the power which can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual (Mill, 5). Social liberty allows an individual to govern themselves to a certain point. This point is where they potentially could cause harm to others. Once an individual has reached this point, society or the government can step in to prevent harm of another person. Society is neutral in an individuals interests until this point has been reached and they have the authority to interfere with an individuals interest if they deem it harmful to others. This is the idea of the harm principle. Mill says the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others (Mill, 14). In one sense social liberty follows the idea of liberal neutrality but it has a loop hole that allows for some bias decision making by society to protect others. Where society does interfere with an individuals interest it is doing so for the best interest of the rest of society and preventing harm to them. The negative effect of interfering with a single individuals interests is outweighed by protecting one or more individuals from harm that is not necessary for them to endure. All decisions come down to choosing between protecting the interests of an individual or society as a whole. One topic that Mill discusses is the struggle between liberty and authority. Liberty was put in place as means of protection for people from their political rulers. At the time people were born into power and liberty was kind of like a clause if the ruler became a tyrant. Authority is needed to prevent individuals from taking actions that would be morally wrong (causing harm to others). Society then changed and all rulers were no longer born into power, they were chosen to represent the people. The representatives of the people were to represent the best interests of the individuals and this would eliminate the need for some forms of liberty and authority since the people would be need to be protected from their own will. One thing that was over looked was the fact that a single group of representatives cannot accurately represent the entire population, they can only represent the majority and the majority is made up of the individuals who are active in getting their voice heard and does not necessarily represent the entire population. This is the idea of tyranny of the majority. Tyranny of the majority occurs when the majoritys interests are placed above the minoritys interests and causes minorities to be discouraged in getting their opinions heard. This brings society back to the same struggle of liberty and authority and where to draw the line between the two. Individuals want to have the power to so as they please but there should be some guide lines or limits to this power. Mill does not explicitly state what all of these guidelines or limits should be with the exception of causing harm to others. Are more guidelines really needed than that? What is society as a whole just decided to do away with rules, regulations and all types of society authority with the exceptions of something that enforced not doing harm to others and just let an individual decide how they wanted to live their life? This is what libertarians advocate for, liberal neutrality. Having a society with no rules or regulations with only a few minor exceptions, would allow for an individual to focus on their interests and preferences and allow them to achieve their version of the good life since there would be not interferences from society. Having liberties can produce a positive effect in individuals if they are given the opportunity to effectively utilize their liberties. Although Mills essay was published in 1859, the ideas he presents are still currently being discusses such as in Mark Sagoffs Can Environmentalists be Liberals?, Cary Coglianeses Implications of Liberal Neutrality for Environmental Policy and Andrew Vincents Liberalism and the Environment. There is no wrong answer to the struggle between liberty and authority and there is a possibility of multiple right answers for this struggle. Mill discusses liberty in a broad sense, and does not apply it to a specific area of interest but to all areas of interest to an individual. Sax discusses liberty and authority as it directly affects national parks and the individuals who benefit from them. He tries to answer or at least present the different sides of answering the question should the national parks basically be treated as recreational commodities, responding to the demand for development and urban comforts that visitors conventionally bring to them or should they be reserves as temples of nature worship admitting only the faithful? (Sax, 2) Preservationists represent one side of this issue and want national parks to remain undisturbed by human activities. The preference for undisturbed nature and recreation in nature is merely just a matter of taste specific to each individual and no policy will be able to please all parties. One individuals interest and preference for a national park may contradict another individuals interests and preferences, which make it difficult for society to remain neutral n its decision making process. National parks are owned by the public and consist of remote and scenic land in large quantities. Parks were first preserved for the scenery they provided so the average citizen would be able to enjoy them. It was though that the more people who came to the national parks the more support there would be for the future preservation of other parks. People wanted different things from the parks though; some wanted them for sites for picnics and resorts while others wanted them preserved as museums. The parks could potentially provide engagement with nature which provides an opportunity for detachment from the submissiveness, conformity and mass behavior that dogs us in our daily lives; it offers a chance to express distinctiveness and to explore out deeper longings (Sax, 42). The nature within the park has the ability to stimulate reflectiveness and self-understanding. It provides a model of continuity, stability and sustenance, adaption, sustained productivity, diversity and evolutiona ry change. Humans can learn a lot by observing nature and applying it to their lives. If this nature is disturbed then these revelations cannot be observed and applies to other aspects of daily life. The problems of recreation can cause many conflicts in national parks. Recreation can be defined in different ways depending on the individual and can vary from hiking to snowmobiling and from five stat resorts to building your own lean to. A compromise has to be made between the many types of recreation. One possible compromise is to try fully to serve the quantitative demand for conventional recreation and to provide opportunities for all of the different kinds of activities the public wants, but not to assure those opportunities in locations that have a special value for reflective recreation (Sax, 63). There is a demand for different types of recreation including intensive-use activities. A balance has to be determined on what types of recreation can take place where and to what extent do they damage the environment and prevent future usage. Sax described how he believes the national park ought to be. One important note that he makes is to discourage motorized travel within the national parks. He also mentions decreasing crowds and allowing visitors the opportunity to experience the park at their own pace. The problem with some of the ideas that Sax proposes is that there is no easy way to determine how to effectively please each individuals wants from the park. The park service is in a dilemma between too many people wanting to utilize the park and not enough park resources to go around and conflicting interests between multiple parties. Sax recommends dealing with this dilemma by separating the choices that have to be made from each other. This will allow clarity about each decision that is made and how it will impact future decisions made. All decisions made have to bear in mind that the park belongs to all individuals but some forms of activities that consume a lot of the resources for everyone should be avoided so m ore individuals can potential benefit. The parks are there to be utilized by the individuals but individuals attitudes contribute to decisions made directly affect the potential future of the park. A certain level of tolerance is required for all parties to allow for the most effective use of the park and its resources. In Saxs book he looks at the governments role in the preservation of the national parks. The government has the authority to put in place rules and regulations that would limit the activities allowed within the parks. This would interfere with an individuals liberties to make their own decisions to pursue their individual interests and preferences. Saxs opinion is to limit an individuals liberties within national parks and to allow for the government to have the authority to control what happens within the parks. Sax and Mill seem to stand on different sides of liberal neutrality. Mill agrees with liberal neutrality with the exception of causing harm to another individual. Sax disagrees with liberal neutrality and thinks that the government should enforce rules and regulations for the individuals within national parks even if they interfere with an individuals liberties and their versions of the good life. Although Sax is talking about a specific situation were liberty and authority conflict, it can be assumed that Mills argument applies to all aspects of an individuals life including national parks. Assuming both Mill and Sax are focused on national parks and an individuals liberties within the park they are really not all that different. Mill and Sax both want individuals to be able to pursue their interests and preferences within national parks. Mill allows for these interests and preferences to be followed until they will cause direct harm to another individual. Sax allows for these interests and preferences to be followed until they will cause direst harm to the environment and potentially cause indirect harm to other individuals trying to utilize the national parks resources. Sax allows an individual to govern themselves to a certain point and his point is where an individuals actions will potentially cause harm to the environment. Causing harm to the environment will limit the availability of current and future park resources for other individuals to enjoy and could harm them and not allow them to pursue their interest and preferences within the national park. In this sense preservationists and environmentalists are liberals and allow people to do as they please without interference form society until they reach the point of harm. The idea of liberal neutrality centers around being open to different individuals version of the good life and being neutral in the decision making process that will affect an individuals ability to achieve their version of the good life. Mills essay he defines liberty and discusses limiting the authority society has over the individual/ Saxs book focuses more on allowing society to have the authority to interfere with individuals liberties as they pertain to the national parks. Both Mill and Sax present different points about the struggle between liberty and authority, they both agree on the authority to interfere with an individual if they are going to cause harm to something else. Mills version of harm focuses on harm to other individuals while Saxs versions of harm focuses on harm to the environment which is a public good and could cause harm to others if not looked out for.

An Autobiography: Lee Iacocca Essay -- Book Reviews

1. Title: Iacocca, An Autobiography. 2. Author: Lee Iacocca with William Novak. 3. This book is an Autobiography. 4. Publisher: Bantam Books  ® 5. Copyright  © July 1986 6. Pages: 357 7. Historical Background: His name when he was born was Lido, not really Lee. He changed it when he had to go down South for a sales campaign. He thought that the Southerners would like it better if his name was Lee. It worked fairly well too. Anyway, his father was the first person to arrive in America. He arrived in 1902, at the age of 12. His father went back to his birthplace, Italy, and married Antoinette. They came back across the Atlantic. Except this time, his father, Nicola, was an American citizen. They moved to Allentown, Pennsylvania, also where Lee was born and raised. Lee (Lido, I’ll use Lee from now on though.) was born on October 15, 1924. Lee’s father was a sort of philosophical type of person. He always had an important lesson to tell his son. It usually was great advice that just about anyone and everyone could use. His father once said that ‘When times are tough, be in the food business. No matter how tough times get, people still have to eat.à ¢â‚¬â„¢ He was right. He had a hot dog food stand that stayed afloat during all of the depression. Lee was in the Allentown public schools, as a kid. He was an Italian kid in a place full of ‘Pennsylvania Dutch.’ So he was harassed by a lot of kids. He never let it get him down though. His father was always pushing him to be the best. His father was a hard worker and came from a foreign family. Back then, most parents that came from a foreign country always seemed to push their kids to do their best so they can have a better life style than their parents. Lee ended up going to Lehigh for college. He did very well for himself. Before he went to college though, he enlisted in the army. It was around World War II when he did so, of course. But because he had Rheumatic fever when he was a kid , he couldn’t go and fight. The doctors said it was gone. The army said it could come back though. So they rejected his application. He went to Lehigh instead. Ford always took the top student out of the top fifty colleges back then, for a study at Ford. They would get to work at Ford doing just about everything you could do. Lee was one of them invited. He enrolled at Princeton after that. He graduated with a degree in engi... ...no matter what. He thought that spending time with family was far more important than anything else. It’s a good thing to have values like that. He’s an honest hard working man that deserved all the good things he got. He didn’t fold when it looked hopeless at Chrysler, he did everything he could to keep the company alive, and now it’s having more success than it ever has in it’s history of existence. This is a very good book, and I recommend that everyone read this one. It’s got a lot of interesting stuff and advice in it. It also gives great insight into the auto manufacturing business. There are a lot of stereotype’s out there that say a car company tried to kill them. But really, all of the guys that make the cars are driving them themselves. They don’t purposely make bad cars, they drive them and so do their kids, and I don’t think all of them are suicidal maniacs either. I think most of them are sane people. I s ay one thing we need less of in America is blood sucking lawyers. They’re just greedy people that we could do without some of them. I learned that in order to succeed, you must not give up easily. You can’t give up on your dreams until you have put your all into it.

The federal Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1987

The federal Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1987; established regulations for nursing homes receiving federal funding that includes reimbursements from Medicare or Medicaid programs. It was signed by President Ronald Reagan, and it was the first major revision to the federal standards for nursing home care since the creation of both Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. This legislation changed the legal expectations of nursing homes and their care. If nursing homes do not comply with these regulations they cannot receive federal reimbursement. By the OBRA regulations nursing homes are not allowed to have working nurse aides for more than four months unless they are certified. In order to keep working longer than that aides need to go through a training and competency program. The nursing home will be responsible to verify that the aide is registered in their state. Under OBRA a nurse aide registry must consist of aides who have completed a nurse aide training and have successfully passed the competency evaluation program. The registry must make available the full name of the person, the date his/her training were completed and all the information of any improper conduct. If the person has not practiced in two years he/she may be removed from the registry. OBRA requires that all nursing facilities keep all employees up to date in their trainings. Annual education requires a minimum of 12 hours of training that specially address any weaknesses or areas of concerns that the group may be having. If the facility holds mentally ill patients the aid needs to be able to show that they have the proper skills to handle situations involving those mentally ill patients. The states can have their own training and competency program, for a program to be approves it must meet OBRA regulations. Such training must have a minimum of 75 hours of training of which 16 need to be supervise practical training hours. There are specific requirements under OBRA for a training curriculum. Students need to learn proper communication skills and interpersonal skills, they need to learn how to control infections, the appropriate emergency procedures, appropriates safety procedures. They need to learn how to be able to help patients be independent and to respect the patient’s rights. Students need to learn the needed nursing skills, such as how to correctly take vital signs and how to identify abnormal changes in a patient. They need to be able to know the needs needed when working with patients with mental health problems, and how to give care to patients for cognitively mpaired patients. Some requirements under OBRA are: * To provide services that will help promote each resident’s quality of life to the fullest capacity * To maintain the dignity and respect each resident deserves * To develop a care plan for each resident * To conduct an accurate assessment of each resident upon admission to the center and at any required interval in regards to his overall health * To prevent any decline in regards to daily activities, that includes the ability to east, using the toilet, bathing and walking. The staff of the facility must provide daily living activity care when necessary * To prevent any pressure sores from developing, and if a patient has a sore, to provide any necessary treatment and services to promote healing of such sores, prevent infection, and to prevent any new sores from developing. * To provide the right care for those residents that have urinary incontinence and if it’s possible to try and restore bladder function. It includes also the use of urinary catheters when appropriate, according to the regulations to prevent any adverse consequences related to the use of them * To prevent any type of accidents, this includes any falls, accidental poisonings or any incident that may cause injuries to the residents * To maintain proper nutrition for residents and to prevent any unnecessary weight loss * To provide the residents with sufficient fluid intake as to prevent any dehydration * To ensure that the resident feel free from any medication errors * To make sure the center has enough nursing staff to take proper care of all the resident’s needs * To make sure that all the residents have the right to choose activities, schedules, and healthcare need and that everything is maintained as it should be * To provide all medication services that appropriately meet the physical and psychological needs for each and every resident * To maintain an accurate, complete, and easily accessible clinical recor d for every resident OBRA became a law because of all the public growing concern with the very poor quality of care in many nursing homes and due to all the concerted advocacy of advocates, consumers, provider associations, and health care professionals. OBRA changed the care and lives of nursing home residents all across America. Many improvements have improved the care planning of the residents in the nursing home system. References FEderal and MA Long term care laws and regulations. (2008). Retrieved July 1, 2013, from MANHR: http://www.manhr.org/fed_ma_laws_regs.aspx State Operation Manual. (2011, January 7). Retrieved July 1, 2013, from Appendix PP: http://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Guidance/Manuals/downloads/som107ap_pp_guidelines_ltcf.pdf Hawes C, M. V. (1997, August). The OBRA-87 nursing home regulations and implementation. Retrieved July 1, 2013, from PUB MED.gov: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9256852

Book review Essay

Florence Industries, Inc. is a company which provides three entirely different types of products and services through three divisions of the company: consumer products division, industrial products division and professional services. Each division is treated as an entirely different company and the performance evaluation criteria is return on assets in recent years after major shift. Although, the divisions used to be treated as profit centres, this decision meant they are treated more as investment centres. The Company in 2008 & 2009: From the income statement for 2008 and 2009, it is noticed that there is an increase in revenue by 4% and 11% increase in net profit in 2009. From balance sheet for 2008 and 2009 it is noticed that Florence has issued shared and borrowed long term loan in order to invest in project required high asset cost as the company asset has increased by $ 50,460,000 during 2009. The Company has also declared a dividend to equity of $ 12,570,000 during 2009 and keep $ $11,736,000 to meet future expansion and expense of business Issues and Analysis: Rejecting Proposals Just Based On Gross Margin Requirement: CFO Ben Johnson has recently rejected the new product proposal of product development manager of consumer products division Calvin Marone as its estimated return of 13.67%(exhibit 1) per year was less than the 15% minimum gross return % requirement any new investment proposal should generate in order to get approve. The company’s 2007 gross return was 9.3 % and Ben estimated that it should go up easily to 12% and set target for each division to bring new product proposal of more than 15% gross return generating capabilities. Then again, gross return of Company in 2009 after rejecting the Marone’s proposal was 9.4%. Suppose if Marone’s proposal would have been accepted, then the Company 2009 gross return would have been approximately 9.6% (Exhibit 2) which would have been even higher than 2008 gross return of 9.5%. So, rejecting proposals that would have actually been beneficial just based on gross margin estimations seems redundant. Return on Investment Comparatively Low In Terms of Free Cash Flow: As per the balance sheet of Florence, it is noticed that there has been an increase in cash balance of $ 390,000 during the year 2009 as compared to 2008 balance. During 2009, the  Company has generated cash of $ 42,756,000 from operating activities and $ 13,950,000 from finance activities. Further the Company has used cash of $ 56,316,000(Exhibit 3) in investing activities. Company has used its majority of cash flow generated from operational and financing activities in investing activities. However in case of Florence, the free cash flow is less than the amount of investment made by the company in 2009 which indicate that the company is highly dependent on third party finance for expansion. However, the company has taken initiatives to counter this. They have broken down divisions into investment centres as compared to cost centres which will help enhance the performance of the divisions and influence them to get more out of investments made. By converting the divisions in investment units, it become the overall responsibility of division managers to generate the profit to the company not only on the basis of revenue and expense but also on the basis of total asset employed in order to run the division. Same Performance Evaluation Standard for Each Division: There are some negatives that came out of the Investment Center approach. First, it may not be appropriate to use one Gross return performance standard for all divisions of Florence, considering differences in type of service provided, products, operations, risks, and differences in measurement because of asset age. These divisions cannot be compared with the same yardstick. For example, Professional services division does not use much asset so it will be inappropriate to measure its performance on the basis of gross return % (exhibit 4). Also, as division manager of Industrial Products division tried to explain, Consumer Products Division had a lot of old machines in their assets meaning those depreciated assets, whatever return they come up with, are making things look better in terms of return on assets than they are in reality. Moreover, including allocated corporate asset in the computation of gross return figure means that division and division managers are held accountable for costs and assets over which they don’t have any control at all. Recommendations: Have Other Evaluation Criteria Along with Investment Center Approach: The decision to treat divisions as investment center has its benefits. Benefits of this approach include improvement in operational decision making, reduction in cost of corporate administration, increased motivation at  division level, and freeing corporate management up for more effective utilization. However, there are some pitfalls as well. Just having return on assets as decision criteria isn’t enough and they should take other criteria into account. Criteria like Economic Value Added which takes into account costs of financing the capital or even simple Net Profit which judges the division’s profitability as a whole. And, to counter the problem of having too many old machines in the consumer products division compare to other divisions, the company could take out the depreciation and compare to see how it affects ROA as a whole when taken in to account and when not. That should give the company a clearer picture. Developing a Balanced Scorecard: Developing a balance scorecard should go some way to make sure performance evaluation is fair and is illustrative of actual performance as it takes into account different measures for different functions usually. In this case, Florence would of course has to make it about the divisions rather than functions of business. In the suggested balanced scorecard below (Figure-1) we can see a bit modified targets and measures for different divisions as their goals are slightly different. Figure-1 For both consumer products and industrial products divisions, returns based on both net profit and ROA are important and give a fairer comparison. Customer satisfaction (in Industrial products division’s case it’s more the satisfaction based on compliance with specific designs is another evaluation criteria for both and the target for both should be bettering last year’s performance in each measures. For the professional services division, the growth has been rapid in recent years and retaining that growth will be important. Another important measure is corporate social responsibility i.e. environmental impact studies the division performs which not only is required by the law but also helps build reputation for the company and is part of CSR activities. So, it’s important to keep that into context. Develop evaluation criteria for new projects: Florence Industries Inc. needs to change evaluation criteria for new projects as it is noticed they’re rej ected a project that would have been beneficial for them every which way just because it didn’t fulfil ROA requirement. Along with ROA, CFO Ben could also analyse the below mentioned points before accepting or rejecting any new project: 1)Project payback period 2)Project NPV (Net present value) 3)Project IRR (Internal rate of return) Conclusion: Florence’s sales growth has been phenomenal for a new company and now it’s time to make some major managerial decisions that will shape the future. And, they have started doing so by transforming the divisions into investment centers from profit centers. While it is a good way to go, creating a balance is necessity and having a more comprehensive knowledge about how every division is doing based on more than one evaluation criteria will be important. Each division is run in their own way and the dissimilarities are far greater to just keep evaluating them based on the investment approach. Also, they can’t keep rejecting projects based on one simple requirement as it hinders the growth of the company. That’s why we suggest Florence Industries Inc. to be a bit more open-minded and take broader aspects in consideration and make things fairer for the divisions and the upcoming projects as well.

Energy Drink Article Analysis

Energy Drink Article Analysis Free Online Research Papers The energy drink is a new trend in the world of beverages that is one of the fastest growing beverages on the market. You can find them pretty much anywhere you can purchase a can of coke or a bottle of water. You can even mix the energy drink with alcoholic beverages. I am going to analyze the trends of the energy drink and explain how it is quickly taking over the beverage industry. First I will give you a brief summary of a few of the economics definitions to help you understand the findings of the article that I analyzed. Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Economics aims to explain how economies work and how economic agents interact. Economic analysis is applied throughout society and also in business and finance. Microeconomics is a branch of economics that studies how individuals, households, firms, and some states, make decisions to allocate limited resources, typically in markets where goods or services are being bought and sold. Microeconomics examines how these decisions, and behaviors, affect the supply and demand for goods and services, which determines prices; and how prices, in turn, determine the supply and demand of goods and services. Microeconomics also looks at interactions through individual markets, given scarcity and government regulation. Law of supply is a microeconomic law stating that, all other factors being equal, as the price of a good or service increases, the quantity of goods or services offered by suppliers’ increases and vice versa. Law of demand is a microeconomic law that states that, all other factors being equal, as the price of a good or service increases, consumer demand for the good or service will decrease and vice versa. Some of the factors for the change in demand are the tastes, customs, and preferences of the target market, the consumers income level, the quality of the goods or services being offered, and the availability of competitors goods or services. The law of demand states that, in general, price and quantity demanded in a given market are inversely related. In other words, the higher the price of a product, the less of it people would be able and willing to buy of it (other things unchanged). As the price of a commodity rises, overall purchasing power decreases (the income eff ect) and consumers move toward relatively less expensive goods (the substitution effect). Other factors can also affect demand; for example an increase in income will shift the demand curve outward relative to the origin, as in the figure. Some of the factors for the change in supply are production capacity, production costs (including wages, interest charges, and raw materials costs), and the number of other businesses engaged in providing the goods or services in question. The theory of demand and supply is an organizing principle to explain prices and quantities of goods sold and changes thereof in a market economy. In microeconomic theory, it refers to price and output determination in a perfectly competitive market. This has served as a building block for modeling other market structures and for other theoretical approaches. In recent years, the energy drink has become one of the fastest growing markets in the world. The global energy drinks market once again saw double-dig it growth in 2006, up 17% (ResearchandMarkets, 2009). Growth was driven by new energizing concepts, strong marketing and product positioning, and a push into emerging countries. Changes in branding and marketing strategies are altering dynamics at the product, player, and market level. For energy drinks, a male-oriented market is witnessing players make an all-out effort to attract more female customers and retain aging consumers. Leading companies are responding to flavor preferences of women with buzzwords such as light, sugar-free, low-carb, crisp and delicately carbonated beverages. The market is characterized by the presence of specialized manufacturers as well as food and beverage powerhouses. Key players in the marketplace include Pepsi, Coca Cola, Danone, Hansen Beverage Company, Monarch Beverage Co, Red Bull, Dark Dog, GlaxoSmithkline, Extreme Beverages, Taisho Pharmaceuticals and Otsuka Pharmaceuticals. In terms of market share, Red Bull leads the energy drink segments, respectively. The energy drink craze has now leaked into the night life crowd. There are many adult beverages that contain energy drinks and the energy drinks not only make a tasty drink, it also give you extra energy to be able to party until the bar closes down. Bar owners are taking advantage of this trend by charging an obscene amount of money to mix alcohol with the energy drink. They are smart because they are taking advantage of what is hot in the market and turning the tables to benefit them by making more money. In the past five years, energy drinks sales through mass-market channels grew 56%, while carbonated sodas declined 1% (ResearchandMarkets, 2009). The rub for the soda industry is that energy drinks are harkening back to the good old days and positioning products as elixirs of good health. In essence, energy drinks are reinventing the original soda platform from the late 19th century with a return to the early functional benefits of the soft beverage category. The bottom line is energy drinks are not going anywhere anytime soon. They continue to boost revenue for beverage companies as quickly as they can concoct a new recipe. The reason that they are so popular is because they are very tasty, they give you a boost of energy that everyone needs every now and again, and they are reasonably priced. With the many different flavors and brands that are offered in the marketplace, picking the brand of your choice may be overwhelming, but you will eventually find the one that makes your mouth beg for more. References: ResearchandMarkets (2009). Global Energy Drinks 2007 Provides Full Analysis of the World’s Leading Energy Drinks Markets, with Clear Insight and Market Commentary on the Main Developments and Trends . Retrieved January 26, 2009, from businesswire.com/portal/site/google/?ndmViewId=news_viewnewsId=20071206005748newsLang=en Research Papers on Energy Drink Article AnalysisDefinition of Export QuotasAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfPETSTEL analysis of IndiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesTwilight of the UAWMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductResearch Process Part OneIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalOpen Architechture a white paper

Analysing Literary Style The House On Mango Street English Literature Essay Essays

Analysing Literary Style The House On Mango Street English Literature Essay Essays Analysing Literary Style The House On Mango Street English Literature Essay Essay Analysing Literary Style The House On Mango Street English Literature Essay Essay but it helps the reader learn from the character ( s ) . It takes a batch of bravery to let go of the familiar and apparently procure, to encompass the new. But there is no existent security in what is no longer meaningful. There is more security in the adventuresome and exciting, for in motion there is life, and in alteration there is power ( Alan Cohen ) . This quotation mark relates to this in a manner that it is stating that people should larn to accommodate to alter. Cisneros was demoing this throughout the whole book in Esperanza s life because she showed how Esperanza went through this but in different ways. This quotation mark besides symbolizes this because of how Esperanza changed friends because she taught that Sally understood her more than her two friends she had earlier. This is because she was acquiring used to the thought she truly had friends, but she seemingly got tired of them in her ain small manner. Thi s friendly relationship did non last long because she taught she had the perfect friend, but it turned out to be a bad relation between the two. One ground for this was because they were likewise, but Esperanza still was non certain who she was. Cisneros besides showed civilization in this novel. She did this to place the sort of people that lived on Mango Street since it was a portion where there were racial segregations. She largely focused on the Mexican portion of Esperanza. She showed civilization through the names of the characters. Through the names, Cisneros shows what Esperanza believes in, which is a good manner to convey out her civilization to specify herself. The Eskimos got 30 names for snow, I say ( Cisneros, 35 ) , which identifies that the more names a individual has or is giving, the more of import he/she is to that individual, which is the household. The names were truly of import to depict Esperanza s character because at the get downing she talked about the significances of her name, and she said that she was traveling to alter her name. Name callings represented who the individual was and because of this, Esperanza wanted to alter her name. Cisneros used this to clear up how Esperanza wanted to specif y herself as. She showed that Esperanza was still calculating out who she was traveling to be in the terminal. Another manner Esperanza was able to stand out was with the places. She loved places and to her they represented womenhood because it made her think of sex and her hunt for independency. The writer showed how Esperanza wanted to be free since they moved to their new place. Independence was what kept her in Mango Street because she wanted to larn from her experiences she had in Mango Street and turn them to her advantage until she is able to eventually travel her ain manner. For illustration, as she was turning up in Mango Street, Cisneros showed that she began believing different about many things. Esperanza non merely grew mentally but physically excessively. This led to her believing about male childs and many other things. Cisneros used this to place how all her experiences led her to happen herself. It made a way for Esperanza to follow on her manner to independence. Ci sneros besides showed how people change as they grow up. For illustration, when Esperanza started to speak to Sally, she wanted to be her friend because Sally understood her better than her two friends. This was besides because Sally had sexual experience that Esperanza hardly started to happen out approximately. Cisneros described every procedure a adolescent takes when turning up so the reader can understand how difficult it is to happen one s true ego. This was able to demo that every teenage miss has adversities when turning up specially in a vicinity like in Mango Street. At the terminal of the novel Cisneros showed how Esperanza was get downing to happen herself. I like to state narratives. I tell them inside my caput. I tell them after the postman says, Here s your mail. Here s your mail he said. I like to state narratives. I am traveling to state you a narrative about a miss who did nt desire to belong ( Cisneros, 109 ) . This is where she found who she truly was and what was her intent in life. This quotation mark explains how towards the terminal to the book Esperanza eventually began to calculate out herself. Cisneros did this in a manner that was sort of a verse form towards the terminal to stress it because it was the most of import portion of the book. It was a immense displacement because of how much Esperanza matured throughout the whole novel. By Esperanza being able to eventually place herself as a narrative Teller, Cisneros was able to stop the narrative by stating, Where did she travel with all those books and paper? Why did she proc ess so far off? They will non cognize I have gone off to come back. For the 1s who can non out ( Cisneros, 110 ) , which describes how Cisneros wanted the reader to cognize that it was clip for Esperanza to go forth Mango Street and be who she was meant to be. In the quotation mark it besides shows how Esperanza still used fragments in her sentences. Cisneros did this to demo that she still had some maturing to make before go forthing. This is why she stayed after so she can complete her school because she was non ready to go forth Mango, but when she felt strong and ready to go forth ; she was traveling to make it. Because of this, Esperanza was able to demo her true strength by remaining in Mango Street until she was to the full grown in Mango Street. Cisneros besides showed how her go forthing Mango Street was traveling to alter her whole vicinity specially does who doubted her because she was traveling to be a author to show what she neer did in her whole life. We do non turn perfectly, chronologically. We grow sometimes in one dimension, and non in another ; unevenly. We grow partly. We are comparative. We are mature in one kingdom, childish in another. The past, present, and future mingle and draw us rearward, frontward, or repair us in the present. We are made up of beds, cells, configurations ( Anais Nin ) . This quotation mark stated by Nin establishes how Esperanza grew throughout the whole book. It shows how her growing was small by small as she was sing different material. Cisneros was able to demo this through her authorship manner and imagination. She was able to set up a connexion between her and the character in a manner that she made the character happen her true ego by composing. Cisneros was reasonably close to Esperanza make to the fact that they both write to show themselves in a manner that entertain people. Cisneros alone composing led to make and astonishing character to demo how a adolescent miss larn how to place her true ego and make her maximal possible through storytelling and composing. Cisneros was able to portray different subjects to learn the reader how one can larn to accommodate to whatever alteration they are traveling through. Her composing gave the narrative the perfect significance for us the readers to to the full understand her astonishing work.

Car Accident Essay Example for Free (#3)

Car Accident Essay Peter is nice man and a hard worker, but he is careless about his wife and family, his wife Carteria take care all the housework, he has been two month did not go home , he was on a business trip, when he arrived at home, Carteria is not at home , he look at his watch , it is already seven pm, Carteria should be at home with diner really. He makes a phone call to his wife, but no one pick up. He grap a buttle of water sit on sofa turn on the TV wait his wife to come home. he is tired from the work. Eventually he fall in sleep on sofa. When he wake up it already ten am at morning and he realize Carteria has not come home. He start to worry about her, keep calling her but no one pick up the phone. It was never happen befor, he try to find any number relate to Carteria,except her number he can not find anything, all the number are about his work, what is happen to her, he start nerves. He never care about her like that. He just tell himself she is going to be ok, she may just hang out with some friend, and forget about time, because Peter is not with her all the time, maybe she just feel longly sometime. All he has to do just be patience wait. He decide to sit on sofa to release his nerves, at same time he turn on the TV, he peer at photo just on the TV stander, he never know there is a photo. The picture is he and Carteria with lovely smile on the park. A news attract his attention, it is a car accident happen on a few block a way from his home yesterday. â€Å"Oh no no no, not her† Peter say . â€Å"A 42 years old man die in the accident† he shut off the TV and say â€Å"thanks god it is not happen her† he feels so release, he take out photo album and look at it. It remind his good memory with Carteria. He has been long time did not go out with his wife. Now he think about when she come back, he going to have a trip with her. Suddenly the door is open Carteria come back, Peter stand up from sofa and walk to the door, look at her with a happy face, he wants to say happy to see you again, but he does not finish what he say, because Carteria s face looks so sad something bad happen to her and the face can tell she has been cry, the tear still on her eyes. Then Peter just say â€Å"Hi what is happen to you† he does not answer it. She just take off her shoes, â€Å"where have you been ? † Peter say, she does not even look at him and walk straight to the room lock the door. Peter can hear Carteria is crying so hard in the room. Peter has no idear what is going on. He knock the door â€Å"what is happen to you† Peter ask, she does not answer it. Peter sits beside the door, wait when she gets better come out and ask her what happen about her. How long has she cry, peter can not remember Carterian come out ,she still does not talk to peter. She gets in to the car, peter sit beside her. Carteria drive the car. Finally they arrived at a funeral, â€Å"whom funeral is that† say peter. The most of member are his family and friends. When they walk close, Peter shock by the funeral. That is his own funeral, his name on the tombstone. Carteria cry again. Flash back Peter suddenly remember the car accident happen a few blocks a way from his home. It is he on his way go home hit by a car, and Carteria spend all night with him. He does not know she love him so much, but right now he has no chance to love her back. Car Accident. (2016, Dec 14).

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT 1 - Essay Example Thus, the lessons learned at the early age become the foundation for an individual’s growth in the professional life. In addition, the experience gained in life within a shorter period of time is also imperative towards shaping the professional life of an individual. In my case, it was engineering and for Mr. Ramsay’s case it was the field of sports. Such decisions are taken at so early age, that there is hardly any self- knowledge or experience to support, whatever the decision has been made is the best and justifies the background to which an individual belongs. Thus, the best thing in this aspect is to expect that the future will be bright and will offer loads of opportunities. This study aims to shed light on the qualities of an entrepreneur and evaluate whether I posses those qualities or not. In order to verify it, the study will pursue different techniques. Once the characteristics and definition of entrepreneurship is being identified, a known entrepreneur will be chosen and his qualities will be compared with mine. A General Enterprising Tendency (GET) Test will be also carried out. Furthermore, interview session will be also held to get deeper insights. On the basis of the findings, a conclusion to the study will be drawn. Introduction – What Entrepreneurship Means to Me From the childhood days, I had a fascination on technology and as a result of that I have always been enthralled with new technological innovations. It is the interest in technology, which made me feel that innovation and discovery has been the fuel of comprehensive development of the society. My early role model was Charles Babbage, who is also known as the father of computers and the inventor of computers. However, with the course of time it shifted from an inventor to an entrepreneur. As I came to know about the life story of Bill Gates and understood the contribution made by him in the society, I contentedly considered him to be my role model. In addition, I a lso consider the recent sensation, Mark Zuckerberg to be one of my role models. When I slowly started to gain knowledge on social science, my perception of an entrepreneur was a person who has the ability to take risk and open a new firm. Although, the meaning of entrepreneurship, which I identified later, was much broader, this definition was not fully impractical. Rather, it was supported by a renowned scholar, where he states that entrepreneurs are the person who undertakes the risk of new enterprise (Mohanty 1). However, later I realized entrepreneur to be someone who has the ability to make correct judgmental decision pertaining to the coordination of sparse resources. In addition, I have also identified that an entrepreneur is an individual and not a committee, team or an organization. With deeper thought, I have been also able to identify that there are two types of entrepreneur namely successful entrepreneur and unsuccessful entrepreneur. Now, when I compare myself with succ essful entrepreneurs, I found that I also have the tendency to become self-suffice. However, I do not consider myself to be entrepreneur as I am yet to develop a firm which is self sustaining. Moreover, I also believe that a huge different exists between â€Å"thinking of becoming an entrepreneur† and ultimately â€Å"becoming a successful entrepreneur†. The challenge for every potential successful entrep

FUNDATEMENT OF E-BUSINESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

FUNDATEMENT OF E-BUSINESS - Essay Example This paper is divided in six main sections. The first section briefly explores the literature on the e-business and use of internet in the businesses. This is followed by the corporate information of the company. This section provides information on various aspects of the hotel in brief. The E-business evaluation section elaborates analysis on the three parameters of branding, social networking and mass customisation. The webpage section consists of general looks and feeling of the webpage and its graphical features. Recommendation section is an effort to bridge the gap identified in the current website. The last section consists of concluding remarks. 2. Business Literature on E-Business According to Boardman (2004) the origin of websites has been for different purpose altogether and it got evolved with the growth in the information need of the consumer and society. Boardman (2004) explains that initially Web was considered as a medium for handling different kinds of information. Ho wever the huge potential of the information need generated more possibilities of use of this medium. â€Å"It was not much more than rich text with the ability to turn selected portions of text into hyperlinks. It was possible to include images and to make these into hyperlinks, but because of the relatively slow download speeds of modems in the mid-1990s, web developers had to be careful about images. It was common for browsers to be configured only to load the text from a web page.  (Boardman, 2004, p. 13) There are various e-business models which companies use. These e-business models are based on internal and external data. Companies use this platform to maintain their value chain, generate business and communicate with the stakeholders. The significance of web presence in businesses has increased in many folds. "E-commerce usually refers to an online shop where customers can order, and normally pay for, products or services via the website. The customers need not be consumer s, but could be other businesses" (Collin, 2000, p. 99) This led in classification of the e-business models based on the type of stakeholders like business (B2B), consumers (B2C), employee (B2E), government (B2G) or from government to business (G2B), government (G2G), citizen (G2C), or consumer based business models like consumer to consumer (C2C) or business (C2B). E-business models allow integration of internal and external business processes. However it is very challenging to acquire consumer trust online. This trust is difficult to gain from any marketing campaign or promotions. Positive consumer experiences are the key of gaining consumer trust. Derong, Zongqing & Xiaolin (2009) focuses on the need of understanding the user requirements for a successful online application. The poor websites usually fail in understanding their target audience and their information needs. Website is convenient and provides opportunity for the fast services to the consumer. This helps in saving ti me, energy and resources of consumers by providing round the clock service and information. This provides electronic means for the companies to reach to the customers in easy and cost effective manner. â€Å"The Net is very good at bringing together large, dispersed groups of users who can meet in one place and discuss just about anything. There are three basic types of place on the Net where you can meet up and chat: ?' Web forums or discussion areas St mailing

One Time Passwords Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

One Time Passwords - Research Paper Example The new passwords are generated by the system using a one-way hash function (Bhaiji, 2009). Challenge/response: This type also uses mathematical algorithm, but with a challenge function. In this type, the user needs to generate a one-time password by entering a challenge (a random number or secret key), received at the time of login, into the password-generating token/software. Since new passwords are based on a challenge mechanism instead of being based on previous password, this type offers more security as compared to mathematical algorithm type (Bhaiji, 2009). Time-synchronized: In this type, passwords are generated by the system using a physical hardware token that has an accurate clock synchronized with the clock on the authentication server (Bhaiji, 2009). OTP technology is a type of multifactor (two-factor) authentication access control which provides strong user authentication for secure access. Two-factor authentication refers to the combination of any two of the three basic forms of one-factor authentication mechanism: something the user knows such as a password, pass phrase or PIN (personal identification number), something the user possesses such as a smart card or access token (hardware or software), and something physically unique about the user such as a fingerprint, voice, retina or iris scan, or DNA sequence (Samuelle, 2008). If the intruder is able to guess a randomly generated OTP somehow, he will be able to access the system only once because subsequent access would require him to get lucky again guessing a randomly generated OTP. The major problem of OTPs is that no user can ever able to remember them because they are generated in bulk and stored in a file on a system. Therefore, OTPs are vulnerable to eavesdropping because if someone knows that the passwords are stored in the file, and then he can gain unauthorized access to the user’s account where he can then install keystroke-capturing

House of sand and fog Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

House of sand and fog - Movie Review Example As a consequence she tries to do what she can to get the house back including starting a relationship with a local police officer (Lester). The novel goes on to explain the background about the officer how he had an emotional upbringing and one of the reasons why he is reluctant towards the woman. The Iranian after marrying his daughter off, remember he is in the USA, spends the rest of his saved money which includes his sons future education funds into the house which he considers a good investment. His intention's is to eventually make a house like the villa he had in Iran. He thinks like the average Muslim man struggling to make a better future for his family. The woman whose house it was tries to plea with him but resorts to threatening him that he will be deported if he doesn't give her the house, the police officer aids her. The film finish's differently to the novel as the son (Esmail) who has an opportunity to shoot the police officer dies in a shootout by authorities as he is taken by the officer. And as a consequence his father the Colonel poison's his wife and then commits suicide. As the Colonel has rescued the woman twice from committing suicide when she walks in to see him in a plastic bag she tries to resuscitate him. But is too late; There is a mystery as to w hether she is arrested in her part of the events leading up to his death and family breakdown of the family in the novel. In the film When the Colonel finds out about the death of his son, he returns to the house to find the woman waiting there and then strangles her to death. He then suffocates himself and his wife. The woman and the police officer await trial after being imprisoned. The woman mimes a request for a fag as she is in a state after seeing the Colonel. Culture: The daughter's marriage in all cultures amongst the different sects in Islam re very important. They have to be done in a quality way so that the in laws accept the bride just as much as the husband does. It is the most important responsibility for a father. After this the next important thing is education. And for men in Islam education is of high importance. A father would correctly first support his daughter's needs to secure her future and then the son, just as has been shown and written about in the film. The Father did everything possible to achieve the dream he wanted for his family. Regardless of him being a political refugee from Iran he managed to do what any Muslim man would do for his family. It is a cultural fact. In comparison to the woman who was living in a house brought to her by her father and who became in a similar situation as if exiled from the house due to not paying taxes, her approach of revenge was more based on emotion and fear rather then practical and le gal. As the film does not reveal the history of the officer the fact is it is perceived as a racist American man who misuses the law. Film portrayal: If we look at the situation of the Iranian man who was working, had a family had money, he was in a stable situation and wanted to progress and he was within law Islamically and Country law to purchase the house. The woman was wronged by the law of the country for failing her by wrongly accusing her of not paying taxes and causing her to use the means she could to

Knowledge Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Knowledge Management - Research Paper Example These multinational managers can design their management systems in such a way that they are interlinked and hence whatever information a manager in one part of the globe posts in the system, it can be accessed by other managers in that corporation. This management system should however be coded in order to avoid the information being disclosed to other personnel other than managers without authority from the managers hence maintaining the privacy of the multinational corporation. The organization structures that facilitate knowledge include the worldwide product systems, the matrix structure and also the divisional structure. The global matrix structure however is the most effective because it allows for decentralization of information to the different geographical areas of a multinational organization. This therefore ensures that all the different employees and managers working for the corporation will have access to crucial information about their corporation due to the knowledge management system facilitated by the organizational structure (Claver-Cortes, Pertusa-Ortega and Molina-Azorin, 2012). One of the benefits is the communication effectiveness in all the branches of the multinational company with minimum expenditure. There is also guarantee of inclusiveness and participation by all the employees and managers in the company’s activities and decision making despite the distance and without others being left behind. Effective knowledge management system also ensures synchrony in the company and this fosters achievement of the company’s goals and objectives (Sedera and Gable, 2010). Claver-Cortes, E., Pertusa-Ortega, E. and Molina-Azorin, J. (July, 2012). â€Å"Characteristics of organizational structure relating to hybrid strategy: Implications for performance.† Journal of Business Research, vol. 65 (7), pp.

One Time Passwords Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

One Time Passwords - Research Paper Example The new passwords are generated by the system using a one-way hash function (Bhaiji, 2009). Challenge/response: This type also uses mathematical algorithm, but with a challenge function. In this type, the user needs to generate a one-time password by entering a challenge (a random number or secret key), received at the time of login, into the password-generating token/software. Since new passwords are based on a challenge mechanism instead of being based on previous password, this type offers more security as compared to mathematical algorithm type (Bhaiji, 2009). Time-synchronized: In this type, passwords are generated by the system using a physical hardware token that has an accurate clock synchronized with the clock on the authentication server (Bhaiji, 2009). OTP technology is a type of multifactor (two-factor) authentication access control which provides strong user authentication for secure access. Two-factor authentication refers to the combination of any two of the three basic forms of one-factor authentication mechanism: something the user knows such as a password, pass phrase or PIN (personal identification number), something the user possesses such as a smart card or access token (hardware or software), and something physically unique about the user such as a fingerprint, voice, retina or iris scan, or DNA sequence (Samuelle, 2008). If the intruder is able to guess a randomly generated OTP somehow, he will be able to access the system only once because subsequent access would require him to get lucky again guessing a randomly generated OTP. The major problem of OTPs is that no user can ever able to remember them because they are generated in bulk and stored in a file on a system. Therefore, OTPs are vulnerable to eavesdropping because if someone knows that the passwords are stored in the file, and then he can gain unauthorized access to the user’s account where he can then install keystroke-capturing

Knowledge Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Knowledge Management - Research Paper Example These multinational managers can design their management systems in such a way that they are interlinked and hence whatever information a manager in one part of the globe posts in the system, it can be accessed by other managers in that corporation. This management system should however be coded in order to avoid the information being disclosed to other personnel other than managers without authority from the managers hence maintaining the privacy of the multinational corporation. The organization structures that facilitate knowledge include the worldwide product systems, the matrix structure and also the divisional structure. The global matrix structure however is the most effective because it allows for decentralization of information to the different geographical areas of a multinational organization. This therefore ensures that all the different employees and managers working for the corporation will have access to crucial information about their corporation due to the knowledge management system facilitated by the organizational structure (Claver-Cortes, Pertusa-Ortega and Molina-Azorin, 2012). One of the benefits is the communication effectiveness in all the branches of the multinational company with minimum expenditure. There is also guarantee of inclusiveness and participation by all the employees and managers in the company’s activities and decision making despite the distance and without others being left behind. Effective knowledge management system also ensures synchrony in the company and this fosters achievement of the company’s goals and objectives (Sedera and Gable, 2010). Claver-Cortes, E., Pertusa-Ortega, E. and Molina-Azorin, J. (July, 2012). â€Å"Characteristics of organizational structure relating to hybrid strategy: Implications for performance.† Journal of Business Research, vol. 65 (7), pp.

Organ Donors Essay Example for Free

Organ Donors Essay Almost everyone would want to be able to say, â€Å"I have saved a life. † But by becoming an organ donor, you can be able to say, â€Å"I will save a life. Organ donation is a selfless way to give back to others, and to be able to make a huge difference by giving another person a second chance at life. Unfortunately, the number of patients waiting for organs far exceeds the number of people who have registered to become organ donors. Patients are forced to wait months, even years for a match, and far too many die before they are provided with a suitable organ. There are many stigmas related to organ donation, but most of them are relatively false, and in order to be well informed, you must know what organ donation is, how it works as well as how you can become an organ donor and what organs or tissues you can donate. Becoming an organ donor after death is not only an important decision for yourself, but it is also an important decision for the life that you may have the power to save. (Finn, Robert) II. Body A. What organ donation is and how it works I. Organ donation takes healthy organs and tissues from one person for transplantation into another. Organs you can donate include: kidneys, heart, liver, pancreas, intestines, lungs, skin, bone, bone marrow, and cornea (the front part of the eye). (medlineplus) II. Organ donations usually occur for patients with kidney failure, heart disease, lung disease, and cirrhosis of the liver. For patients who need a kidney or a liver, a living donor’s organs can be utilized, since we are already born with an extra kidney and the liver is regenerative. However, if the patient needs a heart, lung, pancreas or cornea, the organ needs to come from a deceased donor. (discovery health) III. A transplant is usually the last course of action in the treatment of a patient, but if the patient is willing and able, it can be a good option. If the patient consents to an organ transplant, doctors put the patient’s name on a list by the United Network for Organ Sharing, or UNOS.

IKEA Current Operations and Future Strategies

IKEA Current Operations and Future Strategies IKEA was founded by Ingvar Kamprad in the year 1943. It started as a small town Swedish furniture company that was founded on the principles low prices and good quality. This simple idea was able to transform the organization along with strategic management and excellent decision making. It now has over 250 stores and a presence in 30 countries. IKEA has become an international giant with whom local furniture companies have to struggle against. The fundamentals of the organization did not change drastically with expansion however the organization did adapt to the culture and practices in the host countries. The strategy was simple, give the people lower price compared to the peers, allow them to check the quality, do no compromise on the quality, save on costs from every possible angle and make them feel happy about the purchases they made (10 Keys to IKEAs Low Prices, 2009). This made their brand strong and helped in vertical and horizontal integration and expansion. IKEA maintained strong ties to its home country. Its colors are a representation of the Swedish flag and its name is the initials of its founders name along with the initials of the town he was born in. The organization has used policies that have baffled researchers and lead to various analyst studying its reasons for success. TASK 1 APPLICATION OF THEORIES AND STRATEGIES When IKEA was first created, its owner had the vision of making it an international giant. He had started international meetings and proceeded for a quick expansion strategy of the organization. No other furniture company has had such an exponential growth in only a few years. First, it expanded from a small town to chains all over Sweden. This was not an easy task. The organization had no means of managing so many stores however through the excellent entrepreneurship of its founder, his strategy and global vision, the organization grew strong. The stores main concern would be to find ways in which they could decrease costs. They started with lowering electricity costs during day time by opening windows; they used energy saving lights and did not have a large profit margin in the start. They then expanded to Germany, France and other European nations. Once they expanded to other countries, they maintained the same policies and store strategies in every store. This was done through im peccable management practices, which further helped the organization open stores in other continents. IKEAs business model became famous and the store called for publicity. Their process analysis and operational strategies are unique. All of their decisions have been successful and their management of inventory, staff and stores is one of the best in the world. IKEA used to purchase raw materials from manufacturers but after it expanded internationally, it started its own production company. This resulted in saving costs as well as making new designs reach the stores faster with the least amount of compromise on quality (Ikea: How the Swedish retailer became a global cult brand, 2005). They started economies of scale by starting a production company near its stores. These companies were generally located in areas where labor was cheap and it would be cheaper to ship the goods. They also used a very different style of marketing technique which concentrated on making people happy and reaching out on their base emotions. Most of the stores which sold products at lower prices were considered to have cheap quality like Wal-Mart; therefore IKEA had to use a lot of advertising to put the simple message across that the quality was not compromised in the deal. They did so by hosting customer parties, sending free samples, giving huge discounts and maintaining a happy customer care service. This increased their goodwill. They also took active participation in local events and helped the community, increasing their goodwill and sales. IKEA believed in constant innovation which is one of the reasons for its strong presence. It comes up with furniture pieces that are classic and as well as new. This adds to its brand presence along with rotation of furniture so that the customers are never viewing the same thing each time they visit. Another strategy that IKEA came out with was to keep huge inventories in its stores. This would mean more space and more wastage as well as high inventory management costs however compared to the costs of maintaining the stores, the predicted sales were higher. This made them even more famous because they were the only store which was capable of holding huge inventories allowing customers to buy any product by jus t entering the store. They managed to do so by holding flat line products. These products would them have to be assembled by the customer hence they were made in an easy to assemble manner. By holding flat ling products, the organization could store millions of product. These strategies enabled them to increase their market share (Ikea Components is Setting practical Business Targets, 2011). COST ANALYSIS OF CURRENT OPERATIONS IKEA is a privately held organization. It has seen an increase in costs over the last couple of years and is struggling to survive given the recent global recession and low sales turnover. Although its new and innovative strategies have increased sales and helped them earn profits, the margin of profits and the sales turnover has decreased along with increase in the cost of raw materials and operations. An increase in sales from Euro 21534 million in 2008 to a Euro 21846 million in 2009 is considered slow however considering the marking conditions, it is above its peers. IKEA needs to find more ways to cut costs in order to generate healthier results. It has started doing so by creating solar powered lamps etc and using solar power and saving on electricity. Its costs increased from Euro 7078 million in 2008 to Euro 7198 million in 2009. Reducing its costs will also be another challenging for the organization (Process Analysis Model, n.d.). OPERATION MANAGEMENT ISSUES IN PRODUCT DESIGN OPERATIONS IKEA is strongly linked to its product and organization design. The process from which production starts until it reaches the stores and makes sales is very commendable for an international giant like IKEA. Although the operation process has been commendable there are still a few loopholes in the process. The main problem concerning IKEA is its inventory storage. Warehousing costs are on the high. The organization cannot afford to store thousands of products for each different store. This would not only mean high cost of storage but also wastages in products. Once the product gets old, it needs to be replaced by other more innovative products. This makes the lifecycle of the furniture short and increases the wastages that the organization will have to incur. Currently IKEA ships the unwanted goods to other stores where it might have a high demand however this not only adds to the risks of no sale but also increases the cost of shipping. Since it produces flat line furniture, the place taken up is not a lot but the store has expanded into all departments of housing and office furniture hence has to bear a high cost of storage. A good option available to the organization is to display goods in the store and ship the goods later to the customers through mail. This would help in preventing storage costs, cost to keep inventory management and save on any kind of wastages. The organization can also concentrate on re using the unsold furniture into other products. Since the organization owns its own production company, it can re use the unsold pieces of furniture and make other innovative products. Currently it does not pay too much attention into re using and re cycling however if it wants to keep costs low it needs to consider this alternativ e (SWOT Analysis and Sustainable Business Planning, 2011). Another Operation management issue with IKEA is that the organization is extremely large. It not only needs to concentrate on maintaining the current stores but also on expansion into other countries. IKEAs expansion into India and other developing countries is on the hold. It has been extremely conservative in its approach to expansion and trying to be overly cautious. A good example is its indecision over opening stores in China. Once the company decided that China would be a good market, its management was scared to take the risk of entering a market where consumers were traditional and other furniture retails offered cheaper products. However, the expansion went very well and China has been a very good turnover for the organization. The government too was pleased with IKEA. Hence IKEAs management needs to take more risks and consider global expansion while maintaining the quality of products and service given and lowering costs. By using process model analysis on the organizations approach to its day to day operations, the following flow chart was developed. A process flow chart is required in order to recreate the design of the organization and understand the process in a simplified manner. The flow chart contains these symbols and meaning: Operations Inspection Transportation Delay Storage Flowchart The above flowchart shows that there is a lot of time that is wasted in the transportation of the goods as well as in inspection of the products. Waste recovery has not been given a lot of attention as required and time spent on planning needs to be increased in order to develop products that lead the furniture market. Analysis models using classifier analysis, location analysis, cost and duration analysis and resource analysis have shown that the organization has been using all possible forms of increasing business however there is more scope and a lot it can do to improve its current standards. It does not utilize its resources like space for storage, marketing for customers and training employees for better customer satisfaction and higher sales. It is very conservative in its approach to location and store openings and production company locations. It needs to get more aggressive in order to build a stronger more stable and more profitable brand. The overall design of the organization is excellent with importance given on lowering costs; the only problems are inventory management and cautious expansion. MODULE 2 QUALITY MANAGEMENT IKEAs simple business strategy of low prices has created a lot of trouble for the organization. By lowering prices, the quality of products offered lowered and although the organization has been thriving to maintain its quality it has sometimes been unable to meet international standards. The products are also a little below quality but their quest for lowering prices has also affected their quality of service offered. Customer care does not get proper attention and the workers do not have the time or resources for proper international training (Levine, 2010). The organization is barely scrapping through with the quality required which has adversely affected the business. The sales have gone down and prospective sales from elite consumers have seen a sharp decline. Another noticing factor on quality management is the advertising campaigns that the organization holds. They are unable to research well on the market because of being very cost conscious and have therefore missed out on their target customers in their marketing plan. Because IKEA is an international brand, it not only has to consider international policies but in order to do well in the host country, the organization also needs to pay special attention to the customs and traditions of the host country. It has been failing to do so correctly resulting in profits dwindling below expectations in certain regions and countries like the United States (Levine, 2010). IKEA is a privately held organization, hence information on IKEA is difficult to attain. IKEA follows a very difficult return service with delays and sometimes refusal to take back the goods purchased by consumers. This reflects back on their credibility and goodwill. For any organization that works directly with customers, service needs to be impeccable especially for an international organization like IKEA however IKEA has not been very good with its quality management approach. The organization has however taken a lot of steps to maintain its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and taken many steps to make a difference in the host country. IKEA can take many steps to improve quality. The organization can adopt TQM (Total Quality Management) in its operations in order to ensure quality. It needs to spend money on its processes however the returns it could possibly earn are potentially higher than the costs. The organization needs to adopt a six sigma approach to management and strategically increase the quality of products and service provided. This should increase collectively in all the stores. It has been seen that most of the sales come from EU nations which makes up of about 50% of its sales with only 5% coming from North America. This is a potentially untapped market and IKEA needs to improve quality and assure the consumers of its products and quality so as to increase its potential in not only the markets it already has a presence in but also the markets in which it plans to open stores. IKEA can use the theories for quality improvement in order to manage the quality. Management stresses on the following important principles and theories for quality improvement that IKEA can use to its advantage. 1. Develop customer focus in each step of the process and train employees to provide the best customer satisfaction. IKEA depends on its consumers and it needs to prove to the consumers that they can depend on IKEA as well. Customer focus is very important internally as well as externally in the workings of the organization. 2. Leadership. The international size of the organization makes it difficult for them to manage and lead the process. Leadership is required for each different store and all the leaders need to have a similar set of rules, aims and objectives. This can be done by training each leader of the store together. With the values that needs to be used in the organization. 3. Process based quality management. One theory of quality management states that if each process in the organization deals with the optimum use of resources and time, the overall outlook of the organization will be much different. 4. Decision making approach of the organization needs to change. The management needs to realize that they can no longer be over cautious in their approach if they want to gather all the market share and potential sales if they continue being conservative. They need information that is correct and they need to work slowly because of their mere size but they also need to take an aggressive role in this slow recession filled economy in order to survive and compete. 5. Continual improvement in quality. Quality management is not a onetime approach, the organization has to imbibe it into its day to day workings, control the quality and give feedback on the improvements done. The constant feedbacks would be supplied along with the advantages that the organization achieved due to the process of quality management. IKEA can also use the Crosby theory of quality management which stresses on zero errors, prevention of errors, quality being an adherence to requirement and quality as being a price paid for non conformity. It sets goals for lower period of days so that the results would show, it requires total commitment from the upper management, encouragement to the employees, training given accordingly, creating incentives for high sales, determining the costs for quality etc. TASK 3 IKEA being the worlds leading furniture retailer does not utilize its capacity or use capacity management to its advantage. It uses Data Core Virtual Storage Solutions globally considering its size. The new version uses auto provisioning which is allocation of products to its demand, auto failover which is mirroring and using high availability in its products and snapshot functions which means creating backup for all the information that is feed from all its stores worldwide. The software is the latest and expected to improve the management of inventory. Before the implantation of the software, IKEA struggled with its supply chain management. It sometimes had over supplied products and sometimes there was a lag in products which diminished demand. Since it is not an internet based supplier, it needs to keep a good amount of product as reserves. It needs to create a balance between oversupply and under supply so as to reduce wastages. IKEA has tried to take advantage of the technologi cal improvements to sort out its supply chain management. The organization had earlier used JDA system in 2006 to solve its problems in supply chain management (IKEA Services, 2011). For an organization like IKEA the primary concern in capacity management are as follows: 1. It needs a technology that can forecast with a great level of accuracy based on past results and future market environment the market demand and supply movements. This forecasting accuracy will help the organization improve its functions and save millions of dollars in shipping, storage and recycling. 2. It needs an approach that improves the sales forecasts and predicts consumer behavior. The predictions need to be translated into sales figures so that the organization can plan on expansion and innovation. All the departments in the organization are interrelated and using capacity management to its highest level could help create more potential from the other departments as well. 3. Another area where IKEA needs to focus on is the anticipation of problems before they occur. A large organization is prone to have problems in its supply chain management and capacity management however if it is in a position to predict the changes and challenges well ahead of time, it can be better prepared for the threat or even to a certain extent help prevent it. This is an integral part of management function through which the organization can gain further market share and capital. 4. Transportation and logistics methods need to be simplified with each consignment being traceable so that the management can better predict the product whereabouts and avoid loss in transportation. With the rise in fuel costs the management needs to carefully lay out its supply chain management as well as logistics problems. With over 12000 products and 250 stores in 30 countries the organization needs better capacity management solutions (Supply Chain Management, 2006). IKEA store layout is in the form of a maze. The consumers need to walk through different custom rooms build to give them an idea of the product they might like. The stores are therefore multi layered with additional space given for storage. This has proven to be a good thing because this marketing strategy makes the customers view all the products and increases sales. It does however have the following disadvantages: It wastes a lot of its store space It confuses the customers who find it difficult to return to the product they liked before It irritates consumers who are looking for a particular product and have to go through the entire store for it and it wastes a lot of time which consumers do not prefer. However, this marketing strategy is important but it can be improved upon to avoid the above hindrance. There are many other store formats that the organization can select from instead of its free flow layout. An image of the store layouts is mentioned below. Therefore IKEA can select a grid layout or a spine layout to avoid confusion. Having different layout on each store can also be helpful and avoid any wastage of space. Since the organization has 20000 products they need to be displayed in an arranged format with utmost importance given to layout so that they appear attractive for the customers to buy. The lighting also should be set up in a way that enhances the qualities of the products. The benefits of having a store layout are that it helps the customers organize their wants. It has been proven in countless studies that a good display of the products makes the customers more inclined to buy the products. This means that a layout can make or break a sale hence needs attention from the upper management (Waters, 2011). CONCLUSION IKEA has a great future ahead. It needs to take an aggressive role in this market because its sales are now stagnant and costs are on a rise. It has used the best method for inventory management along with supply chain management it can further expand its dominance over the other furniture retailers by becoming a public company instead of staying private and add additional funds to its disposal. The has been orthodox and conservative in its approach to management so far but it needs to change its policies into being more innovative not only in the products it makes but also in the strategies it follows. The company has great potential and a business plan that matches no other organization in the world. It size and its success by far have been commendable. It company also needs to change into being more web based which would reduce the cost of transportation and logistics. It has a lot of potential and a goodwill that precedes every country it decides to open a store in, however marketing is also an important feature IKEA needs to look into. Its current marketing strategies were effective in an expanding economy where people where ready to spend however in this current recession the only way IKEA can make more sales is through advertising its fundamental business objective; low cost. It needs to cash into the recession and increase sales by lowering prices and making its products quality checked. IKEA also has a lot of improvement to do in the customer care area where it is lacking behind due to its policy to lower costs. The organization needs to train its employee so that they are more efficient and better equipped to make a sale. To conclude I would like to add that IKEA has great potential not only in its existing countries but other countries where it does not have any stores. It needs to tap into the sales before some other organization does.

The Truth about Hackers Essay -- Hacking Computers Crackers Essays

The Truth about Hackers The Truth about Hackers In the winter of the year 2000 an eighteen year old hacker, who went by the name Curador accessed about 26, 000 credit card numbers and put them on the internet. With the help of an ex-hacker, Curador was eventually tracked down and sentenced. All of this was explained in a frontline interview with Curador himself also known as Raphael Gray. Who are these so called hackers? Are peoples assumptions about teenage hackers correct? In 1995 the movie Hackers portrayed the images and lifestyles of hackers similar to the one mentioned above. The characters in Hackers show a media example of finding themselves in cyberspace by forming a community which creates their own boundaries. According to Coppin, hacking is the process of writing and reading code. People who code in an open range of society are hackers. The term a hack is often meant as a fast and dirty solution. Hackers are often confused with hackers are crackers. Crackers are people who break into or crack co mputer security systems (Coppin). In Hackers, high school cyberpunk teenagers get together and associate with the rave lifestyle known as techno. Due to the medias portrayal of the average hacker, people constantly associate hackers as teens with a love for techno music and rave-like gatherings. This is not necessarily true. Anyone can be a hacker. Even those with a family, a job, and an ideal lifestyle, including females have the potential of being a hacker. Therefore, no stereotypical labels should be placed on hackers due to their possible diversity. Hackers influences the way people tend to associate how everyday hackers are supposed to be. Hackers also show how hackers form their own cyber communities. They share simil... ...se would not have been solved. Work Cited Coppin, Sharon. Computer Hacking Statistics. August 2003. 30 September 2003. Gordon, Sarah. Studying the Psychology of Virus Writers and Hackers. March 2003. 30 September 2003. Gray, (Curador) Raphael. Who are Hackers? March 2003. 30 September 2003. Hackers. Dir. Iain Softly. Metro Goldwyn Mayer, 1995. Holeton, Richard. Composing Cyberspace Identity, Community, and Knowledge in the Electronic Age. The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. 1998. Reid and Count Zero. Cult of the Dead Cow. March 2003. 30 September 2003.

Essay --

The problems of hunger and starvation touch the lives of millions around the globe, and one of the main causes of hunger is overpopulation. One typical case is India which currently the world's second most populous country. It could be said that one-fourth of the this world's hungry live in India which according to the UN’s Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) the number of ‘hungry’ people in India at 230 million (Deolalikar 2012). The Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2010 ranks India at 67 out of 112 countries; whereas ‘2012 GHI’ (IFPRI) ranks it at 65 among 79 countries. Briefly, all measures point to the hard fact that hunger continues to affect adversely to a majority of the Indian population. (Association of Voluntary Agencies for Rural Development (AVARD) 2012). One method of solving hunger in India is â€Å"promote agricultural development by increasing investments†. Most commentators and policy makers claim that involvement in agriculture help to reduce hunger in two key criteria: 1. Increasing production of staple foods at prices that poor people can afford. 2. Creating employment opportunities and higher incomes in rural areas that will give poor people the means to access food (Agriculture and Natural Resources Team of the UK Department for International Development (DFID) 2004). India's strategy to combat financial condition and hunger has always given great importance to the agricultural sector, because of 70 percent of the population lives in rural areas and the vast majority of them depend on agriculture as their primary source of income (Montek S. Ahluwalia 2012). Acharya (2009, 4) claim that India addressed the situation of hunger and food insecurity across the two measures of long term and short term. Long-term strateg... ...ttention . If this issue is overlooked, it may provoke a repeat of the hunger of 1943, which emerged in the untimely deaths of approximately three million Indian inhabitants (Jamil 2009, 70).The solution of promoting investment in agriculture has the potential to solve the incessant problem of hunger in India. By utilizing modern biotechnology to agriculture, farmers would be making a great surge towards eliminating poverty, bettering health conditions, and embellishing the quality of life for Indian citizens. Developing a modern rural development strategy for hunger reduction in India in the coming decades requires realization of institutional and technological changes. All of this requires a fresh initiative for recognising and enforcing the applicable actions for comprehensive agricultural and rural development in India that are home to the poorest and hungriest.

The Introduction Of The Environmental Legislation Accounting Essay

Climate alteration has become a subject of intense public treatment in recent old ages. Scientists, authorities leaders, legislators, regulators, concerns, including insurance companies, investors, analysts and the populace at big have expressed heightened involvement in clime alteration. International agreements, and province and local Torahs and ordinances in the Australia reference concerns about the effects of nursery gas emanations on our environment, and international attempts to turn to the concerns on a planetary footing continueA ( Bacchus 2004 ) . Due to these clime changes the environment protection act was introduced with the purpose of modulating against seting pollution into the air and H2O. These environmental protection Acts of the Apostless besides controls how waste is stored, collected, transported and treated. These meant that if the concern is caught fouling the environment, the authorities can publish mulcts and other controls ( Bennett 2005 ) . The major environmental ordinances that have been enacted in Australia include The National Pollutant Inventory ( NPI ) the National Greenhouse Energy Reporting act ( NGER ) and the Carbon Tax. The chief intent of this paper is to measure the possible effects of the debut of the environmental statute law utilizing the free-market and pro-regulatory attack to ordinance. The paper focuses on the accounting side in relation to these ordinances. There is besides the sentiment of the author sing whether he supports such ordinances † . The usage free-market attack to ordinance means the market without intercession by authoritiess, other than for the enforcement of contracts and ownership rights. A free-market attack is one in which all markets are unregulated by any parties other than the participants, and authorities plays a impersonal function.2.0 Evaluate the possible effects of the debut of the environmental statute law utilizing the free-market and pro-regulatory attack to ordin ance.Once federal action is deemed necessary to turn to an environmental job, policy shapers have a figure of options at their disposal to act upon pollution degrees. In make up one's minding which attack to implement, policy shapers must be cognizant of restraints and restrictions of each attack in turn toing specific environmental jobs. It is of import to account for how political and information restraints, imperfect competition, or preexistent market deformations interact with assorted policy options ( Bennett, M 2005 ) . The debut of National Pollutant Inventory has lead to economic efficiency. It provides the community, industry and authorities with free information about substance emanations in Australia. It has emanation estimations for 93 toxic substances and the beginning and location of these emanations ( Gibbons 2012 ) . The socially optimum degree is determined by cut downing emanations until the benefit of slaking one more unit of pollution that is the fringy suspension benefit measured as a decrease in harm is equal to the cost of slaking one extra unit that is the fringy suspension cost. In the simplest instance, when each defiler chooses the degree at which to breathe harmonizing to this determination regulation that is produce at a degree at which the fringy suspension benefit is equal to the fringy suspension cost, an efficient aggregative degree of emanations is achieved when the cost of slaking one more unit of pollution is equal across all defilers. Any other degree of emanations wou ld ensue in a decrease in net benefits ( Bennett 2005 ) . National pollution stock list policy has besides lead to technological criterion. A engineering or design criterion, mandates the specific control engineerings or production procedures that an single pollution beginning must utilize to run into the emanations criterion. This type of standard constrains works behaviour by mandating how a beginning must run into the criterion, irrespective of whether such an action is cost-efficient. Technology criterions may be peculiarly utile in instances where the costs of emanations supervising are high but finding whether a peculiar engineering or production procedure has been put in topographic point to run into a criterion is comparatively easy ( Janek 2012 ) . However, since these types of criterions stipulate the suspension engineering required to cut down emanations, beginnings do non hold an inducement to put in more cost effectual methods of suspension or to research new and advanced suspension schemes or production procedures that are non permitted by ordinance. The debut of environmental legislative assembly in Australia lead to public presentation based criterion. A performance-based criterion requires that defilers run into a source-level emanations criterion, but allows a defiler to take among available methods to follow with the criterion. At times, the available methods are constrained by extra standards specified in a ordinance. Performance-based criterions that are engineering based do non stipulate a peculiar engineering, but instead see what is possible for available and low-cost engineering to accomplish when set uping a bound on emanations. In the instance of a performance-based criterion, the degree of flexibleness a beginning has in run intoing the criterion depends on whether the criterion specifies an emanation degree or emanation rate emanations per unit of end product or input. A criterion that specifies an emanation degree allows a beginning to take to implement an appropriate engineering, alter its input mix, or cut down end product to run into the criterion. An emanation rate, on the other manus, may be more restrictive depending on how it is defined. The flexibleness of performance-based criterions encourages houses to introduce to the extent that they allow houses to research cheaper ways to run into the criterion ; nevertheless, they by and large do non supply inducements for houses to cut down pollution beyond what is required to make conformity. For emanations that fall below the sum allowed under the criterion, the house faces a zero fringy suspension cost since the house is already in conformity It besides leads to be effectivity. The efficiency of a policy option differs from its cost-effectiveness. A policy is cost-efficient if it meets a given end at least cost, but cost effectivity does non embrace an rating of whether that end has been set suitably to maximise societal public assistance. All efficient policies are cost-efficient, but it is non needfully true that all cost-efficient policies are efficient. A policy is considered cost-efficient when fringy suspension costs are equal across all defilers. In other words, for any degree of entire suspension, each defiler has the same cost for their last unit abated. Many environmental ordinances in the Australia are normative in nature and are frequently referred to as command-and-control ordinances. A normative ordinance can be defined as a policy that prescribes how much pollution an single beginning or works is allowed to breathe and/or what types of control equipment it must utilize to run into such demands. Such a criterion is frequently defined in footings of a source-level emanations rate. Despite the debut of potentially more cost effectual methods for modulating emanations, this type of ordinance is still normally used and is sometimes statutorily required. It is about ever available as a â€Å" catcher † if other attacks do non accomplish desired pollution bounds. Because a normative criterion is normally defined in footings of an emanations rate, it does non straight command the aggregative emanation degree. In such instances, aggregative emanations will depend on the figure of defilers and the end product of each defiler.3.0 M arket based attackMarket based attack create an inducement for the private sector to integrate pollution suspension into production or ingestion determinations and to introduce in such a manner as to continually seek for the least dearly-won method of suspension. Market-oriented attacks can differ from more traditional regulative methods in footings of economic efficiency or cost-effectiveness and the distribution of benefits and costs ( Dagwell 2007 ) . Because market-based attacks do non mandate that each defiler run into a given emanations standard, they typically allow houses more flexibleness than more traditional ordinances and capitalise on the heterogeneousness of suspension costs across defilers to cut down aggregative pollution expeditiously. Environmental economic experts by and large favor market-based policies because they tend to be least dearly-won, they place lower information load on the regulator, and they provide inducements for technological progresss. The debut of legislative assembly leads to crest and merchandise system. In a cap-and-trade system the authorities sets the degree of aggregative emanations, emanation allowances are distributed to defilers and a market is established in which allowances may be bought or sold. The monetary value of emanation allowances is allowed to change. Because different defilers incur different private suspension costs to command emanations, they are willing to pay different sums for allowances. Therefore, a cap-and-trade system allows defilers who face high fringy suspension costs to buy allowances from defilers with low fringy suspension costs, alternatively of put ining expensive pollution control equipment or utilizing more dearly-won inputs. Cap-and-trade systems besides differ from command-and-control ordinances in that they aim to restrict the aggregative emanation degree over a conformity period instead than set up an emanations rate. If the cap is set suitably, so the equilibrium monetary value of allowances, in theory, adjusts so that it equals the fringy external amendss from a unit of pollution. This equivalency implies that any outwardness associated with emanations is wholly internalized by the house. For defilers with fringy suspension costs greater than the allowance monetary value, the cheapest option is to buy extra units and go on to breathe. For defilers with fringy suspension costs less than the allowance monetary value, the cheapest option is to cut down emanations and sell their licenses. Allowances may besides be allocated to defilers harmonizing to a specified regulation. This represents a transportation from the authorities to polluting houses, some of which may happen that the value of allowances received exceeds the house ‘s aggregative suspension costs. The constitution of environment legislative assembly leads to debut of rate based trading system. Rather than set up an emanations cap, the regulative authorization under a rate-based trading plan, establishes a public presentation criterion or emanations rate. Beginnings with emanation rates below the public presentation criterion can gain credits and sell them to beginnings with emanation rates above the criterion. As with the other trading systems, beginnings able to better their emanations rate at low cost have an inducement to make so since they can sell the ensuing credits to those beginnings confronting higher costs of suspension. However, emanations may increase under these plans if beginnings increase their use or if new beginnings enter the market. Therefore, the modulating authorization may necessitate to sporadically enforce new rate criterions to accomplish and keep the coveted emanation mark, which in bend may take to uncertainness in the long term for the regulated beginnings. In add-on the constitution of legislative assembly leads to infliction of emanation revenue enhancements. Emissions revenue enhancements are exacted per unit of pollution emitted and bring on a defiler to take into history the external cost of its emanations. Under an emanations revenue enhancement, the defiler will slake emanations up to the point where the extra cost of slaking one more unit of pollution is equal to the revenue enhancement, and the revenue enhancement will ensue in an efficient result if it is set equal to the extra external harm caused by the last unit of pollution emitted. As an illustration of how an emanations revenue enhancement plants, suppose that emanations of a toxic substance are capable to an environmental charge based on the amendss the emanations cause. To avoid the emanations revenue enhancement, defilers find the cheapest manner to cut down pollution. This may affect a decrease in end product, a alteration in inputs to production, the installing of pollution control equipment, or a procedure alteration that prevents the creative activity of pollution. Polluters decide separately how much to command their emanations, based on the costs of control and the magnitude of the revenue enhancement ( Hoque 2005 ) . The polluting house reduces emanations to the point where the cost of cut downing one more unit of emanations is merely equal to the revenue enhancement per unit of emanations. For any staying emanations, the defiler prefers to pay the revenue enhancement instead than to slake farther. In add-on, the authorities earns gross that it may utilize to cut down other pollution or cut down other revenue enhancements, or may redistribute to finance other public services. While hard to implement in instances where there is temporal and/or spacial fluctuation in emanations, policy shapers can more closely come close the ambient impact of emanations by integrating accommodation factors for seasonal or day-to-day fluctuations or single transportation coefficients in the revenue enhancement. Economic efficiency can be defined as the maximization of societal public assistance. An efficient market is one that allows society to maximise the net present value of benefits: the difference between a watercourse of societal benefits and societal costs over clip ( Comisari 2011 ) . The efficient degree of production is referred to as Pareto optimal because there is no manner to rearrange production or reapportion goods in such a manner that person is better off without doing person else worse off in the procedure ( Burritt 2011 ) . Taxs and charges facilitate environmental betterments similar to those that result from marketable license systems. Rather than stipulating the entire measure of emanations, nevertheless, revenue enhancements, fees, and charges specify the effectual monetary value of breathing pollutants ( Burritt 2000 ) . Environment legislative assembly besides leads to environmental subsidies. Subsidies paid by the authorities to houses or consumers for per unit decreases in pollution create the same suspension inducements as emanation revenue enhancements or charges. If the authorities subsidizes the usage of a cleansing agent fuel or the purchase of a peculiar control engineering, houses will exchange from the dirtier fuel or put in the control engineering to cut down emanations up to the point where the private costs of control are equal to the subsidy. It is of import to maintain in head that an environmental subsidy is designed to rectify for an outwardness non already taken into history by houses when doing production determinations. Environment legislative assembly besides leads to environmental subsidies. Subsidies paid by the authorities to houses or consumers for per unit decreases in pollution create the same suspension inducements as emanation revenue enhancements or charges. If the authorities subsidizes the usage of a cleansing agent fuel or the purchase of a peculiar control engineering, houses will exchange from the dirtier fuel or put in the control engineering to cut down emanations up to the point where the private costs of control are equal to the subsidy. It is of import to maintain in head that an environmental subsidy is designed to rectify for an outwardness non already taken into history by houses when doing production determinations It is possible to minimise the entry and issue of houses ensuing from subsidies by redefining the subsidy as a partial refund of verified suspension costs, alternatively of specifying it as a per unit payment for emanations decreases relative to a baseline. Under this definition, the subsidy now merely relates to abatement costs incurred and does non switch the entire or mean cost curves, thereby go forthing the entry and issue determinations of houses unaffected ( Burritt 2011 ) . Environmental legislative assembly leads to tax- subsidy combination. Emission revenue enhancements and environmental subsidies can besides be combined to accomplish the same degree of suspension as achieved when the revenue enhancement and subsidy instruments are used individually. One illustration of this type of instrument is referred to as a sedimentation refund system in which the sedimentation operates as a revenue enhancement and the refund serves as a partly countervailing subsidy. As with the other market instruments already discussed, a deposit-refund system creates economic inducements to return a merchandise for reuse or proper disposal, or to utilize a peculiar input in production, provided that the sedimentation exceeds the private cost of returning the merchandise or shift inputs ( Burritt 2000 ) . Under the deposit-refund system, the sedimentation is applied to either end product or ingestion, under the given that all production procedures of the steadfast pollute or that all ingestion goods become waste. A refund is so provided to the extent that the house or consumer provides cogent evidence of the usage of a cleaner signifier of production or of proper disposal ( Burritt 2011 ) . Another consequence is information revelation. Necessitating revelation of environmental information has been progressively used as a method of environmental ordinance. Disclosure schemes are most likely to work when there is a nexus between the polluting house and affected parties such as consumers and workers ( Keil 2004 ) . Disclosure demands try to minimise inefficiencies in ordinance associated with asymmetric information, such as when a house has more and better information on what and how much it pollutes than is available to the authorities or the public. By roll uping and doing such information publically available, houses, authorities bureaus, and consumers can go better informed about the environmental and human wellness effects of their production and ingestion determinations ( Burritt 2000 ) . Another consequence of environmental legislative assembly is the debut of liability regulations. Liability regulations are legal tools of environmental policy that can be used by victims or the authorities to coerce defilers to pay for environmental amendss after they occur. Liability regulations can function as an inducement to defilers. To the extent that defilers are cognizant that they will be held apt before the polluting event occurs, they may minimise or forestall engagement in activities that inflict amendss on others.4.0 DecisionThe environmental ends are achieved at a lower limit cost where consumers, manufacturers and authorities are being involved in the execution of the legislative assembly. These means that it is cost effectivity There is whole engagement of the execution of environmental legislative assembly due to the enterprise given to the manufacturer by the authorities for illustration Emission revenue enhancements and environmental subsidies. Emissions revenue enhancements are exacted per unit of pollution emitted and bring on a defiler to take into history the external cost of its emanations. There is besides the creative activity of the consciousness where by every party are cognizant of the punishment for the breach of the jurisprudence. Every participant is apt for non following the jurisprudence to the missive. These is achieved though the debut of liability regulations. 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